RACISM IN THE UNITED STATES

 Racism in the United States consists of negative attitudes and views on race or ethnicity that are related to one another, are held by various people and groups in the United States, and have manifested themselves in discriminatory laws, practices, and actions (including violence) against racial or ethnic groups at various times in the country's history. White Americans have generally benefited from legally or socially sanctioned privileges and rights throughout American history, which have been denied to members of various ethnic or minority groups at various times. European Americans, especially affluent white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, are said to have had educational advantages. Immigration, voting rights, citizenship, land acquisition, and criminal procedure are all issues that need to be addressed.

Since the colonial period, racism has existed in the United States against various ethnic or minority groups. Throughout much of American history, African Americans, in particular, have had their political, social, and economic freedoms curtailed. Native Americans have been victims of genocide, forced removals, and massacres, and they continue to face prejudice. Xenophobic exclusion and other forms of ethnicity-based discrimination were common among non-Protestant immigrants from Europe, particularly Jews, Poles, Italians, and Irish. Discrimination has also been experienced by Hispanics, Middle Eastern and Asian Americans, as well as Pacific Islanders. Genocide, slavery, segregation, Native American reservations and boarding schools, racist immigration and naturalization laws, and internment camps are all examples of racism in the United States.

By the mid-twentieth century, formal racial discrimination had largely been abolished, and it had come to be regarded as socially and morally unacceptable. Racial politics is still a major issue, and racism is still reflected in socioeconomic disparities. In recent years, extensive evidence of racial discrimination has been discovered in various sectors of modern American society, including the criminal justice system, business, the economy, housing, health care, the media, and politics. "Discrimination in the United States pervades all aspects of life and extends to all communities of colour ," according to the United Nations and the United States Human Rights Network.

There has been an increase in reports of hate crimes against Asians in the United States since the outbreak of COVID-19. According to University of California research, anti-Asian hate crimes increased by about 150 percent in the United States in 2020, with New York City seeing the largest increase. The number of hate crimes against Asians in 16 major U.S. cities increased by 164 percent in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period the previous year, according to media reports. Random attacks, robberies, and even murders have targeted Asians in supermarkets, parks, public streets, and on the Internet. The international community is deeply concerned about the United States' systemic racism. Since last year, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet has repeatedly called on the US administration, along with dozens of UN Human Rights Council special procedures mandate holders, to carry out structural reform to address systemic racism, pointing out that the protests sparked by the death of George Floyd exposed not only police brutality against coloured people in the United States, but also inequality and racial discrimination widely found throughout the world. They stressed the importance of addressing the root causes of racism and inequality, such as slavery, transatlantic slave trade, as well as colonialism's poisonous legacy, must be addressed. The Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism and Racial Discrimination has written to the United States to express concern about the rise in racial discrimination against people of Asian descent in the United States.